Odds Ratio

• Typically used in case-control studies.
• Depicts the odds of a certain outcome given an exposure (eg, disease; a/c) vs the odds of the outcome in the absence of that exposure (eg, no disease; b/d). 
• If in a case-control study, 20/30 lung cancer patients and 5/25 healthy individuals report smoking, the OR is 8; so the lung cancer patients are 8 20 times more likely to have a history of smoking. 

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